Briefly, the hippocampus was homogenized in lysis buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Haimen, China) and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 min at 4 C
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The presence of Nrf2 and its inhibitor Keap1 in plasma is associated with damaged vascular endothelial cell-, macrophage-and other cell-associated leakage secondary to the loss of cell membrane integrity due to lipid peroxidation following chronic inflammation and oxidative stress (Kasprzak et al., 2020), and Nrf2 and Keap1 in circulation are markers of severe inflammation and oxidative stress (Tu et al., 2019)
A 2003 double-blind placebo-controlled trial by Humbert and colleagues in Experimental Dermatology applied 5% topical ascorbic acid cream versus vehicle to the low-neck and arms of healthy women with photoaged skin for 6 months, with assessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, and found that active treatment improved skin relief and silicone-replica topography and produced favorable changes on end-of-study immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy of dermal biopsies biopsy-level evidence of structural remodeling, not merely surface appearance